28    Kinds of adverbs

Manner: bravely, fast, happily, hard, quickly, well

Place: by, down, here, near, there, up

Time: now, soon, still, then, today, yet  

Frequency: always, never, occasionally, often, twice

Sentence: certainly, definitely, luckily, surely

Degree -.fairly, hardly, rather, quite, too, very

Interrogative: when? where? why?

Relative: when, where, why

Form and use

29.     The formation of adverbs with ly

A.     Many adverbs of manner and some adverbs of degree are formed by adding ly to the corresponding adjectives:

final, finally       immediate, immediately      slow, slowly Spelling notes

(a)   A final y changes to i: happy, happily.

(b)   A final e is retained before ly: extreme, extremely. Exceptions: true, due, whole become truly, duly, wholly.

(c)   Adjectives ending in a consonant + le drop the e and add y: gentle, gently      simple, simply

Note that the adverb of good is well.

B.    Adjectives ending in ly

daily, weekly, monthly etc., kindly and sometimes leisurely can be

adjectives or adverbs, but most other adjectives ending in ly, e.g.

friendly, likely, lonely etc., cannot be used as adverbs and have no

adverb form. To supply this deficiency we use a similar adverb or

adverb phrase:

likely (adjective)         probably (adverb)

friendly (adjective)      in a friendly way (adverb phrase)

C.     Some adverbs have a narrower meaning than their corresponding adjectives or differ from them. coldly, coolly, hotly, warmly are used mainly of feelings:

We received them coldly, (in an unfriendly way)

They denied the accusation hotly, (indignantly)

She welcomed us warmly, (in a friendly way)

But warmly dressed = wearing warm clothes.

coolly = calmly/courageously or calmly/impudently:

He behaved very coolly in this dangerous situation.

presently = soon: He'll be here presently.